



Andy Mukherjee: China’s middle class ranks among the world’s largest but India’s doesn’t—How come?
In 1980, neither China nor India had much representation in the ‘global middle class’—people who neither belong to the bottom half of the income distribution nor rank among the top 10% worldwide. Almost a half-century later, things have changed—but in very different ways.
China now accounts for a sizable share of the more affluent middle-income earners, while India seems to have faded in relative importance.This finding, nestled in the annual World Inequality Report, is a puzzle. After all, the only two countries with billion-plus populations are both believed to have done well by embracing capitalism and opening their economies after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
China became the factory to the world; India became its back office. So why should the outcomes for their citizens be so different? To unpack this puzzle, start with Indians who are outside the middle class.
The top of the pyramid is made up of what Marcellus Investment Managers in Mumbai has termed as the “Octopus Class,” the 1 million super-wealthy individuals whose affluence and disposable incomes are close to first-world levels. This tiny group has earned high returns from financial markets, and grown rich by serving each other and affluent customers around the world as corporate honchos, bankers, lawyers, and other top professionals.But the bottom is bursting at the seams, particularly since the pandemic when 800 million people came to survive on free food grains from the government.
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