Kaushik Basu: Universalism needs champions amid a dangerous surge of ultra-nationalism

At the cusp of a new year, the global outlook appears increasingly grim. Escalating conflicts and resurgent authoritarianism are undermining domestic and international institutions alike, while rising wealth inequality is deepening economic insecurity and eroding social cohesion.Perhaps the most dispiriting development is the growing hatred of the ‘other.’ In country after country, political leaders increasingly dehumanize migrants and refugees, casting people fleeing poverty, persecution, and conflict as a mortal threat.

Such rhetoric brings to mind W. H.

Auden’s Refugee Blues. Written on the eve of World War II, a period when refugees were similarly blamed for economic insecurity and social decline, the poem depicts a speaker at a public meeting who warns, “If we let them in, they will steal our daily bread.”The rise of xenophobic populism across large swathes of the world is not occurring in a vacuum.

It is at least partly driven by a profound structural shift that is often overlooked by social scientists who assume the inevitability of the nation-state.It is easy to forget that the nation-state is a relatively recent idea that emerged when travel was slow and limited. At the time, it made sense to imagine the world as a collection of communities, each responsible for the welfare of its own members.

Governing these units effectively required the cultivation of a shared identity and nationalism emerged to fill that role.But globalization has put this arrangement under growing strain, as the freer movement of goods, money, information and people—together with the digital revolution—enables firms, workers and consumers to connect across borders. Paradoxically, it is precisely that fragility that is fuelling the current