Mint Explainer | West Asia war is a leg-up for ethanol, but at what cost?
Mint explores.While addressing Parliament on the West Asia war on 23 March, Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted that ethanol blending in petrol went up from just 1-1.5% a decade back to 20% currently.Ethanol, a biofuel made from agricultural crops, is now replacing about 45 million barrels of imported crude oil every year (total imports in FY25 were about 1803 million barrels).As per the petroleum ministry, ethanol blending in petrol has saved India ₹1.44 trillion (in cost of imported fuel) between November 2014 and July 2025. The ministry also estimates that the programme has led to CO2 emission reductions, equivalent to planting 300 million trees.
In addition, annual farm revenue of ₹40,000 crore is being generated via ethanol blending.Ethanol makers can be grouped into two categories: those who produce it from sugarcane (primarily sugar mills) and others who have set up grain-based plants, which use maize and rice to produce ethanol. Together, they have set up an installed production capacity of over 20 billion litres, higher than the requirement of 11 billion litres for the E20 (20% blending) programme.Saddled with excess capacity, manufacturers are demanding that India move towards a higher blending ratio, up to 27% blending, and scale-up adoption of flex-fuel vehicles that can run on E85/E100 fuels (E100 means 100% ethanol).
This will reduce India’s import dependence and pave the way for self-reliance in energy, the argument goes.Two-fold. Firstly, car users have complained that many vehicles purchased before 2021 are not compliant with higher blending ratios, which lowers fuel efficiency and can cause material damage to car parts due to ethanol’s corrosive nature (the government has termed these concerns as
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