



Rural development needs a boost: India must step up efforts to take prosperity far and wide
Subscribe to enjoy similar stories.Many informal migrants who had returned to their villages during the covid lockdowns stayed back after the pandemic ended, which led to an increased share of India’s employed population working on farms. Disrupted supplies of affordable cooking gas in wake of the Iran conflict have restarted a slow but worrying reverse migration of informal workers to villages.
As a direct result, rural labour markets may soon see wages depressed by a supply increase. Official Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data has captured the impact of the post-covid reverse migration.
Of the 83 million jobs added between 2021-22 and 2023-24, 40 million have been in agriculture. The number of women in own-account self-employment has seen a nearly fourfold increase since 2017, according to the State of Working India 2026 report.
At the same time, self-employment earnings among women and salaried earnings (for men and women) have largely stagnated. These labour market dynamics are reflected at the macro level in real household earnings and consumption in the economy remaining below the pre-pandemic trend; average monthly per capita consumption expenditure rose from ₹3,773 to ₹4,122 in rural India between 2022-23 and 2023-24.
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