
The merchants of Bharat: A forgotten legacy of trade and enterprise
Agarwal community established by Raja Agrasen. Is this location just a coincidence or an ancient connection?
The later Vedic civilisation that stretched from Haryana towards the Yamuna and Ganga basins, about 3,000 years ago, was not mercantile. It was made of pastoralists tending to cattle, warriors on horse-drawn chariots and their poet-priests who chanted the Vedic hymns in praise of celestial gods.
The poems speak of cattle raids. But the rituals clearly reveal a trading substratum as it involves an exchange between humans and the gods. The humans gave praise and Soma juice to the gods.
The gods granted humans success in war and raids.
The mercantile boom of India emerged 2,500 years ago, with caravans travelling from the Ganga river basin northwards towards Gandhara in the Indus river basin and southwards towards Ajanta and Ellora in the Godavari river basin. Ships began sailing westwards towards Arabia and eastwards towards Southeast Asia. These merchants were patrons of Buddhism and Jainism.
They were amongst the first in the world to use lead punch-marked coins as currency. The word 'cash' comes from the word 'kosh' or treasure. The Jains probably invented the double-entry book system based on paap (debit) and punya (credit).
The oldest Tamil epics are based on women from mercantile families. It has nothing to do with warriors or priests. The heroines of Shilapadikaram and Kundalakesi are daughters of rich merchants.