Afghanistan, the Taliban government has achieved some diplomatic wins even as it has consolidated power and enforced its strict version of Islamic law.
The Taliban rulers continue to operate without official recognition from any country — its restrictions on women a major sticking point.
But concern over Afghanistan's worsening humanitarian crisis, the threat of terrorism, and hard-nosed pragmatism have led to some international engagement.
The most notable example was the Taliban government's participation, for the first time, in United Nations-hosted talks in June in Qatar to discuss economic issues and counter-narcotics efforts.
Chief Taliban government spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid, who led the delegation, said the gathering was further proof that: «Afghanistan has come out of isolation».
«We are in favour of positive meetings with the condition that Afghanistan's situation is taken into account,» he told AFP in a recent interview ahead of this week's three-year anniversary of the Taliban taking back power.
The talks went ahead after Kabul obtained the agreement of the UN — which has described restrictions on women in Afghanistan as «gender apartheid» — that civil society and women's rights groups would not attend.
Obaidullah Baheer, grandson of former warlord Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and an Afghan academic, said engagement at the talks was a «smart approach».
«The international community can't solve the women's rights issue. What they can do is try to create an environment» to gradually stabilise the economy